Arduino 的一个强大的新成员—— Intel Galileo

从 Intel Galileo 的名字上看就知道这个版本的 Arduino使用了Intel 的 CPU，翻译过来就是“因特尔·伽利略”。

此处转载自DIGITIMES中文网，原文网址: Intel Galileo http://www.digitimes.com.tw/tw/dt/n/shwnws.asp?CnlID=10&Cat=25&Cat1=&id=352872#ixzz2ieAIhCUi

Intel Galileo是首款采用英特尔架构的Arduino兼容开发板系列的产品，针对创作者与教育界用户打造。此平台可让入门的设计者、还有希望能将其设计推升到更高层次的使用者更进一步上手。
Intel Galileo结合了英特尔技术的效能，以及Arduino软件开发环境的简易性。此款开发板能执行开放原始码的Linux操作系统以及Arduino软件函式库，让用户能轻易扩充，并重复使用现有名为「sketch」的脚本程序代码。英特尔Galileo能在Mac OS、Windows及Linux等操作系统中编写程序。此外，这款开发板亦设计用来和Arduino机板(shield)产业体系维持硬件与软件的兼容性。
Intel Galileo采用了英特尔新发表的Quark SoC X1000，该处理器为Quark技术系列低功耗、小核心产品的首款成员。Quark SoC X1000是32位、单核心/单线程、Pentium指令集架构(ISA)兼容的处理器，运作频率最高达400MHz。
为协助将原生应用与功能扩展至Arduino机板产业体系以外的范畴，英特尔开发板还配备了多种运算产业的标准I/O接口，其中包括ACPI、PCI Express、10/100Mb以太网络、SD记忆卡、USB 2.0装置、以及EHCI/OHCI USB主控端连结埠、高速UART、RS-232串行端口、可编程8MB NOR闪存、以及用来进行除错的JTAG埠。

另外，Intel Galileo提供Arduino IDE开发环境众多软件开发资源，将完整且未经修改的Linux软件堆栈的先进功能整合到单一平台，加上共享开放原始码工具链提供强大的支持。

视频介绍 Intel Galileo 的应用

它的具体参数是什么呢？

Intel的介绍：

http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/do-it-yourself/galileo-maker-quark-board.html

Arduino上的介绍原文如下：

查看原始链接请点击：http://arduino.cc/en/ArduinoCertified/IntelGalileo

Intel Galileo

Intel Galileo Front		Intel Galileo Back

Overview

Galileo is a microcontroller board based on the Intel® Quark SoC X1000 Application Processor, a 32-bit Intel Pentium-class system on a chip (datasheet?). It’s the first board based on Intel® architecture designed to be hardware and software pin-compatible with Arduino shields designed for the Uno R3. Digital pins 0 to 13 (and the adjacent AREF and GND pins), Analog inputs 0 to 5, the power header, ICSP header, and the UART port pins (0 and 1), are all in the same locations as on the Arduino Uno R3. This is also known as the Arduino 1.0 pinout.

Galileo is designed to support shields that operate at either 3.3V or 5V. The core operating voltage of Galileo is 3.3V. However, a jumper on the board enables voltage translation to 5V at the I/O pins. This provides support for 5V Uno shields and is the default behavior. By switching the jumper position, the voltage translation can be disabled to provide 3.3V operation at the I/O pins.

Of course, the Galileo board is also software compatible with the Arduino Software Development Environment (IDE), which makes usability and introduction a snap. In addition to Arduino hardware and software compatibility, the Galileo board has several PC industry standard I/O ports and features to expand native usage and capabilities beyond the Arduino shield ecosystem. A full sized mini-PCI Express slot, 100Mb Ethernet port, Micro-SD slot, RS-232 serial port, USB Host port, USB Client port, and 8MByte NOR flash come standard on the board.

Visit the FAQ page for further informations.

Getting Started

To get started, simply connect the board to power with the 5V AC-to-DC adapter and then connect to the computer with the micro-USB cable. Galileo has a dedicated forum for discus values). By default they measure from ground to 5 volts.

• I2C bus, TWI: SDA and SCL pins that are near to the AREF pin.
  • TWI: A4 or SDA pin and A5 or SCL pin. Support TWI communication using the Wire library.
• SPI:
  • Defaults to 4MHz to support Arduino Uno shields. sing the board.

Arduino Shield Supported Features Galileo is compatible with Arduino UNO shields and is designed to support 3.3V or 5V shields, following the Arduino Uno Revision 3, including:

• 14 digital input/output pins, of which 6 can be used as Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) outputs;
  • Each of the 14 digital pins on Galileo can be used as an input or output, using pinMode(), digitalWrite(), and digitalRead() functions.
  • They operate at 3.3 volts or 5 volts. Each pin can provide a maximum of 10 mA or receive a maximum of 25 mA and has an internal pull-up resistor (disconnected by default) of 5.6k to 10 kOhms.
• A0 – A5: 6 analog inputs, via an AD7298 A-to-D converter
  • Each of the 6 analog inputs, labeled A0 through A5, provides 12 bits of resolution (i.e., 4096 different values). By default they measure from ground to 5 volts.
• I2C bus, TWI: SDA and SCL pins that are near to the AREF pin.
  • TWI: A4 or SDA pin and A5 or SCL pin. Support TWI communication using the Wire library.
• SPI:
  • Defaults to 4MHz to support Arduino Uno shields. Programmable to 25 MHz.
  • Note: While Galileo has a native SPI controller, it will act as a master and not as an SPI slave. Therefore, Galileo cannot be a SPI slave to another SPI master. It can act, however, as a slave device via the USB Client connector.
• UART (serial port): Programmable speed UART port (digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX))
• ICSP (SPI): a 6 pin in-circuit serial programming (ICSP) header, located appropriately to plug into existing shields. These pins support SPI communication using the SPI library.
• VIN: The input voltage to the Galileo board when it’s using an external power source (as opposed to 5 volts from the regulated power supply connected at the power jack). You can supply voltage through this pin, or, if supplying voltage via the power jack, access it through this pin.
  • Warning: The voltage applied to this pin must be a regulated 5V supply otherwise it could damage the Galileo board or cause incorrect operation.
• 5V output pin: This pin outputs 5V from the external source or the USB connector. Maximum current draw to the shield is: 800 mA
• 3.3V output pin: A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum current draw to the shield is: 800 mA
• GND: Ground pins.
• IOREF: The IOREF pin on Galileo allows an attached shield with the proper configuration to adapt to the voltage provided by the board. The IOREF pin voltage is controlled by a jumper on the board, i.e., a selection jumper on the board is used to select between 3.3V and 5V shield operation.
• RESET button/pin: Bring this line LOW to reset the sketch. Typically used to add a reset button to shields that block the one on the board.
• AREF is unused on Galileo. Providing an external reference voltage for the analog inputs is not supported.
  • For Galileo it is not possible to change the upper end of the analog input range using the AREF pin and the analogReference() function.

Details of Intel Architecture Supported Features

The genuine Intel processor and surrounding native I/O capabilities of the Clanton SoC provides for a fully featured offering for both the maker community and students alike. It will also be useful to professional developers who are looking for a simple and cost effective development environment to the more complex Intel® Atom processor and Intel® Core processor-based designs.

• 400MHz 32-bit Intel® Pentium instruction set architecture (ISA)-compatible processor o 16 KBytes on-die L1 cache
  • 512 KBytes of on-die embedded SRAM
  • Simple to program: Single thread, single core, constant speed
  • ACPI compatible CPU sleep states supported
  • An integrated Real Time Clock (RTC), with an optional 3V “coin cell” battery for operation between turn on cycles.
• 10/100 Ethernet connector
• Full PCI Express* mini-card slot, with PCIe 2.0 compliant features
  • Works with half mini-PCIe cards with optional converter plate
  • Provides USB 2.0 Host Port at mini-PCIe connector
• USB 2.0 Host connector
  • Support up to 128 USB end point devices
• USB Device connector, used for programming
  • Beyond just a programming port – a fully compliant USB 2.0 Device controller
• 10-pin Standard JTAG header for debugging
• Reboot button to reboot the processor
• Reset button to reset the sketch and any attached shields
• Storage options:
  • Default – 8 MByte Legacy SPI Flash main purpose is to store the firmware (or bootloader) and the latest sketch. Between 256KByte and 512KByte is dedicated for sketch storage. The download will happen automatically from the development PC, so no action is required unless there is an upgrade that is being added to the firmware.
  • Default 512 KByte embedded SRAM, enabled by the firmware by default. No action required to use this feature.
  • Default 256 MByte DRAM, enabled by the firmware by default.
  • Optional micro SD card offers up to 32GByte of storage
  • USB storage works with any USB 2.0 compatible drive
  • 11 KByte EEPROM can be programmed via the EEPROM library.

Schematic, Reference Design & Pin Mapping

• Schematics:
• Cadence® Allegro® Files:

Power

Galileo is powered via an AC-to-DC adapter, connected by plugging a 2.1mm center-positive plug into the board’s power jack. The recommended output rating of the power adapter is 5V at up to 3Amp.

Electrical Summary

Input Voltage (recommended)	5V
Input Voltage (limits)	5V
Digital I/O Pins	14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
Analog Input Pins	6
Total DC Output Current on all I/O lines	80 mA
DC Current for 3.3V Pin	800 mA
DC Current for 5V Pin	800 mA

Communication

Galileo has a number of facilities for communicating with a computer, another Arduino, or other microcontrollers. Galileo provides UART TTL (5V/3.3V) serial communication, which is available on digital pin 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). In addition, a second UART provides RS-232 support and is connected via a 3.5mm jack. The USB Device ports allows for serial (CDC) communications over USB. This provides a serial connection to the Serial Monitor or other applications on your computer. It also enables Galileo to act as a USB mouse or keyboard to an attached computer. To use these features, see the Mouse and Keyboard library reference pages. The USB Host port allows Galileo act as a USB Host for connected peripherals such as mice, keyboards, and smartphones. To use these features, see the USBHost reference pages. Galileo is the first Arduino board to provide a mini PCI Express (mPCIe) slot. This slot allows full size and half size (with adapter) mPCIe modules to be connected to the board and also provides an additional USB Host port via the slot. Any standard mPCIe module can be connected and used to provide applications such as WiFi, Bluetooth or Cellular connectivity. Initially, the Galileo mPCie slot provides support for the WiFi Library. For additional information, see the Intel® Galileo Getting Started Guide. An Ethernet RJ45 Connector is provided to allow Galileo to connect to wired networks. When connecting to a network, you must provide an IP address and a MAC address. Full support of on-board Ethernet interface is fully supported and does not require the use of the SPI interface like existing Arduino shields. The onboardmicroSD card reader is accessible through the SD Library. The communication between Galileo and the SD card is provided by an integrated SD controller and does not require the use of the SPI interface like other Arduino boards. The Arduino software includes a Wire library to simplify use of the TWI/I2C bus; see the documentation for details. For SPIcommunication use the SPI library.

Programming

Galileo can be programmed with the Arduino software (download). When you are ready to upload the sketch to the board, program Galileo through the USB Client port by selecting “Intel Galileo” as your board in the Arduino IDE. Connect Galileo’s port labelled USB Client (the one closest to the Ethernet) to your computer. For details, see the reference,tutorials and Intel® Galileo Getting Started Guide. Rather than requiring a physical press of the reset button before an upload, Galileo is designed to be reset by software running on a connected computer.

When the board boots up two scenarios are possible:

• If a sketch is present in persistent storage, it is executed.
• If no sketch present, the board waits for upload commands from the IDE.

If a sketch is executing, you can upload from the IDE without having to press the reset button on the board. The sketch is stopped; the IDE waits for the upload state, and then starts the newly uploaded sketch.

Pressing the reset button on the board restarts a sketch if it is executing and resets any attached shields.

Properties of Pins Configured as OUTPUT

Pins configured as OUTPUT with pinMode() are said to be in a low-impedance state. On Galileo, when a pin is configured as OUTPUT, the functionality is provided via an I2C-based Cypress I/O expander datasheet). Digital pins 0 to 13 and Analog pins A0 to A5 can be configured as OUTPUT pins on Galileo.

The I/O expander’s pins, when configured as OUTPUT, can source (provide positive current) up to 10 mA (milliamps) and can sink (provide negative current) up to 25 mA of current to other devices/circuits. The individual per pin current sourcing capability of 10 mA is subject to an overall limit of 80 mA combined between all OUTPUT pins. The per pin capability current sinking capability is subject to an overall limit of 200 mA. The following table provides a breakdown of the overall OUTPUT capabilities of the pins.

	Current Source (mA)	Current Sink (mA)
Per Pin Capability	10	25
Digital Pins 3,5,9,10,12, 13 Combined	40	100
Digital Pins 0,1,2,4,6,7,8,11 and Analog Pins A0,A1,A2,A3,A4, A5 Combined	40	100
Digital Pins 0-13 and Analog Pins A0-A5 Combined	80	200

Galileo Jumper Configuration

There are three jumpers on Galileo that are used to vary the configuration of the board. IOREF Jumper To allow Galileo support both 3.3V and 5V shields, the external operating voltage is controlled via a jumper. When the jumper is connected to 5V, Galileo is configured to be compatible with 5V shields and IOREF is set to 5V. When the jumper is connected 3.3V, Galileo is configured to be compatible with 3.3V shields and IOREF is set to 3.3V. The input range of the Analog pins is also controlled by the IOREF jumper and must not exceed the chosen operating voltage. However, the resolution of AnalogRead() remains at 5 V/1024 units for the default 10-bit resolution or, 0.0049V (4.9mV) per unit regardless of IOREF jumper setting.

Warning: The IOREF jumper should be used to match the board and shield operating voltages. Incorrectly setting the voltage could damage the board or the shield. I2C Address Jumper To prevent a clash between the I2C Slave address of the on board I/O expander and EEPROM with any external I2C Slave devices, jumper J2 can be used to vary the I2Caddress of the on-board devices. With J2 connected to pin 1 (marked with white triangle), the 7-bit I/O Expander address is 0100001 and the 7-bit EEPROM address is 1010001. Changing the jumper position changes the I/O Expander address to 0100000 and the EEPROM address to 1010000. VIN Jumper On Galileo, the VIN pin can be used to supply 5V from the regulated power supply connected at the power jack to attached shields or devices. If there is a need to supply more than 5V to a shield using VIN then the VIN jumper should be removed from Galileo to break the connection between the on-board 5V supply and the VIN connection on the board header.

Warning: If the VIN jumper is not removed and more than 5V is connected to VIN, it may damage the board or lead to unreliable operation.

Automatic (Software) Reset

Rather than requiring a physical press of the reset button before an upload, Galileo is designed in a way that allows it to be reset by software running on a connected computer. USB CDC-ACM control signals are used to transition Galileo from run-time to bootloader mode. The Arduino software uses this capability to allow you to upload code by simply pressing the upload button in the Arduino environment. For details, see the Intel® Galileo Getting Started Guide.

Physical Characteristics

Galileo is 4.2 inches long and 2.8 inches wide respectively, with the USB connectors, UART jack, Ethernet connector, and power jack extending beyond the former dimension. Four screw holes allow the board to be attached to a surface or case. Note that the distance between digital pins 7 and 8 is 160 mil (0.16″), is not an even multiple of the 100 mil spacing of the other pins.

Intel® Galileo Design Document

This Intel® Galileo design document is licensed by Intel under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike License (ver. 3), subject to the following terms and conditions. The Intel® Galileo design document IS PROVIDED “AS IS” AND “WITH ALL FAULTS.” Intel DISCLAIMS ALL OTHER WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED REGARDING THE GALILEO DESIGN OR THIS GALILEO DESIGN DOCUMENT INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. Intel® may make changes to the specifications, schematics and product descriptions at any time, without notice. The Customer must not rely on the absence or characteristics of any features or instructions marked “reserved” or “undefined.” Intel® reserves these for future definition and shall have no responsibility whatsoever for conflicts or incompatibilities arising from future changes to them. ENJOY!